Code Better and Faster

The inefficiency in the code lies in the nested loops. The code traverses the 2-D array in column-major order instead of row-major order, resulting in frequent cache misses. Swapping the order of the loops will improve the cache locality and optimize the code.

The running time complexity of the code is $O(n)$, where $n$ is the input value passed to the find_sum function. The code iterates $n$ times in the for loop, resulting in linear growth in runtime as the input size increases.

Sure! I can guide you through implementing a sorting algorithm step-by-step. Let’s start with a simple sorting algorithm called bubble sort. Here’s how you can implement it in Python:

 def bubble_sort(arr):
     n = len(arr)
     for i in range(n - 1):
         for j in range(n - 1 - I):
             if arr[j] > arr[j + 1]:
                 arr[j], arr[j + 1] = arr[j + 1], arr[j]

Step 1: Define a function that takes an unsorted list as input and performs the bubble sort algorithm.

Step 2: Test the bubble_sort function with a sample input.

 arr = [5, 2, 8, 12, 3]
 bubble_sort(arr)
 print(arr)

Explanation:

The bubble sort algorithm works by repeatedly swapping adjacent elements if they are in the wrong order. It iterates over the list multiple times, with each pass placing the largest unsorted element in its correct position.

In the code, we have two nested loops. The outer loop iterates from $0$ to $n-2$, where $n$ is the length of the input list. This determines the number of passes to be made.

The inner loop iterates from $0$ to $n-2-i$, where $i$ is the current pass number. This is because after each pass, the largest $i$ elements are already in their correct positions, so there is no need to compare them again.

Within the inner loop, we compare adjacent elements and swap them if they are in the wrong order.

After the loops complete, the input list will be sorted in ascending order.

Feel free to ask if you have any questions or if you’d like to explore other sorting algorithms!

Translated code in Python

def calculate_factorial(n):
if n == 0 or n == 1:
    return 1
return n * calculate_factorial(n - 1)

result = calculate_factorial(5)

The multiply function multiplies two numbers and returns the result. It takes two arguments, a and b, representing the numbers to be multiplied. The variable result stores the product of a and b, and it is returned as the output of the function. In the provided code snippet, the function is called with the arguments 3 and 4, resulting in the product variable storing the value 12.

Write a Python code snippet to check if a given string is a palindrome. Ensure that the code ignores whitespace and is case-insensitive.

Your code should accept a string as input and output a clear message indicating whether the string is a palindrome.

Example output:

Input: ‘Able was I saw Elba.’

Output: Palindrome

Input: ‘Python’

Output: Not a palindrome

Input: ‘race car.’

Output: Palindrome

Input: ‘12321’

Output: Palindrome

Your solution should handle different lengths, letter cases, and special characters.